List of political parties in Russia
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This article discusses political parties in Russia.
The Russian Federation has a de jure multi-party system, however it operates as a dominant-party system. As of 2020[update], six parties have members in the federal parliament, the State Duma, with one dominant party (United Russia). As of July 2023[update], 27 political parties[1] are officially registered in the Russian Federation, 25 of which have the right to participate in elections.[2]
History
After the Perestroika reforms in the 1980s Russia had over 100 registered parties, but the people elected to the State Duma represented only a small number of parties. After 2000, during Vladimir Putin's first presidency (2000–2008), the number of parties quickly decreased. From 2008 to 2012 there were only seven parties in Russia, and every new attempt to register new parties was blocked. The last registered party of this period was the government-organized Right Cause (now the Party of Growth) which was registered on 18 February 2009. Before the 2011 parliamentary election, about 10 opposition parties were denied registration.
In 2001, the federal law "On political parties" was adopted. All parties had to be re-registered. Parties have been assigned the status of the only type of public association that has the right to independently nominate candidates for deputies and other elective positions in government bodies. One of the major provisions of the law is the establishment of a single national status of a political party, and, as a result, the liquidation of regional and interregional political public associations.[3] According to paragraph 1 of Article 3 of the Federal Law of the Russian Federation No. 95-FZ “On Political Parties”, a political party in Russia is recognized as "a public association created for the purpose of participation of citizens of the Russian Federation in the political life of society through the formation and expression of their political will, participation in public and political actions, in elections and referendums, as well as in order to represent the interests of citizens in state authorities and local governments".[4]
In December 2004, amendments were introduced requiring a minimum number of party members of 50,000 and the presence of more than 45 regional branches of 500 people each. By January 1, 2006, all parties had to submit documents proving that their party structures complied with the requirements of the law on the minimum number of members and the number of regional branches.[3][5]
In 2009, a bill was introduced to reduce the minimum number of party members from 50,000 to 45,000, and from 500 to 450 members in regional branches. This law came into effect on January 1, 2010. The minimum number of party members was reduced again on January 1, 2012, to 40,000 and to 400 members per regional branch.[6]
On February 28, 2012, an election law was adopted meaning parties were exempted from collecting signatures and making a cash deposit for nominating a party and its candidate, and gubernatorial elections were restored. The number of required signatures for candidates for the presidential elections was reduced from 2 million to 100,000 for party candidates, and 300,000 for self-nominated candidates. The electoral threshold for parties was also reduced from 7% to 5%.[7]
On March 20, 2012, the State Duma approved a presidential bill to reduce the minimum number of political party members from 40,000 to only 500 people, and from 500 to 5 members for a regional branch.
However, after a series of mass protests and a 2011 European Court decision on the case of the Republican Party of Russia (now the People's Freedom Party), the law changed and the number of registered parties quickly increased to more than 48 as of December 2012[update].
Party of power
A "party of power" refers to a political party that has a close relationship with the executive branch of government such that the party appears to function as an extension of the executive rather than as an autonomous political organization.[8][9] The concept resembles that of a cartel party.[9] These parties are considered by some to have been especially established for support of the incumbent president or prime minister in the Russian parliament:
- Inter-regional Deputies Group/Democratic Russia (1990–1993, Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union/Congress of People's Deputies of Russia/Supreme Soviet of Russia)
- Democratic Choice of Russia (1993–1994)
- Our Home – Russia (1995–1999)
- Unity (1999–2001/2003)
- A Just Russia - For Truth (the second "party of power", supporting Vladimir Putin and opposing United Russia)
- United Russia (2001–present)
Voter demographics
According to studies, United Russia voters in 2007 were younger and more market-oriented than the average voter. The party's electorate includes a substantial share of government employees, pensioners and military personnel, who are dependent on the state for their livelihood.[10] Sixty-four percent of United Russia supporters are female. In the run-up to the 2011 Duma elections, it was reported that support for United Russia was growing among young people.[11]
In April 2023, a survey on the issue of the dissolution of the United Russia Party was conducted among Russians. About 2,500 people participated in the survey, mostly aged 45+. The question was "Is it necessary to dissolve the United Russia party with the inability of its members to participate in political life in the future?" the answers were distributed as follows: 65% stated: "I am for dissolution without permission to participate in political life in the future", 3% stated "I am against dissolution", 6% stated "I am for dissolution, but with permission to participate in political life in the future", and 26% stated "I am for the dissolution of all bourgeois parties".[12]
Current parties
All parties registered with the Ministry of Justice have the right to participate in any elections across the country. A list of registered parties is placed on the Ministry website. In December 2012, there were 48 registered parties in Russia; 6 of them are currently represented in the State Duma as of 2021.
Parties represented in the State Duma and the Federation Council
Parties represented in the regional parliaments
Name | Founded | Leader | Ideology | Regional parliaments | Position | Alliances | |||
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RPPSJ РППСС | Russian Party of Pensioners for Social Justice Российская партия пенсионеров за социальную справедливость | 2012 | Vladimir Burakov | Pensioners' interests Elderly interests Social justice Single-issue politics | 34 / 3,908 | Centre | |||
CPCR КПКР | Communist Party "Communists of Russia" Коммунистическая партия «Коммунисты России» | 2012 | Maxim Suraykin | Communism Marxism–Leninism Stalinism Anti-revisionism | 15 / 3,908 | Far-left | International: IMCWP (observer) | ||
Yabloko Яблоко | Russian United Democratic Party "Yabloko" Российская объединённая демократическая партия «Яблоко» | 1993 | Nikolay Rybakov | Social liberalism Progressivism Feminism Anti-war Pro-Europeanism | 11 / 3,908 | Centre-left | International: LI European: ALDE Party EGP (associated faction) | ||
REP "The Greens" РЭП «Зелёные» | Russian Ecological Party "The Greens" Российская экологическая партия «Зелёные» | 2012 | Andrey Nagibin | Green politics Agrarianism | 5 / 3,908 | Centre to centre-left | ONF EAGP | ||
GA! ЗА! | Green Alternative Зелёная альтернатива | 2020 | Ruslan Khvostov | Green politics Environmentalism Pro-Europeanism | 2 / 3,908 | Centre-left | |||
PSP ПСЗ | Political party of Social Protection Политическая партия социальной защиты | 2012 | Vladimir Mikhailov | Social justice | 2 / 3,908 | Centre | |||
PB ПД | Party of Business Партия дела | 2010 | Konstantin Babkin | Green politics Protectionism Economic nationalism | 1 / 3,908 | Centre to centre-left | |||
PDD ППД | Party of the Direct Democracy[13] Партия прямой демократии | 2020 | Oleg Artamonov | Direct democracy E-Democracy | 1 / 3,908 | Centre-right |
Parties in Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine
Name | Founded | Leader | Ideology | Location | Representation in regional legislature | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Donetsk Republic | 2005 | Denis Pushilin | Russian nationalism Donbas separatism | Donetsk People's Republic | 74 / 100 | ||
Free Donbas | 2014 | Vladimir Medvedev | Russian nationalism Donbas separatism | Donetsk People's Republic | 26 / 100 | ||
Peace to Luhanshchyna | 2014 | Leonid Pasechnik | Donbas separatism Centrism (self-declared) | Luhansk People's Republic | 37 / 50 | ||
Luhansk Economic Union | 2014 | Zinaida Nadion | Donbas separatism Liberal conservatism | Luhansk People's Republic | 13 / 50 | ||
New Russia Party | 2014 | Pavel Gubarev Ekaterina Gubareva | Russian nationalism Eurasianism | Donetsk People's Republic | 0 / 100 | ||
Volodymyr Saldo Bloc | 2019 | Vladimir Saldo | Kherson regionalism | Kherson Oblast | 0 / 64 |
List of registered parties
No.[14] | Full name | Short name | Abbr. | Ideology | Position | Leader(s) | Created | Registration | Last federal elections results | Free access to the next legislative election | Note | |||
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Presidential | Legislative | |||||||||||||
1 | All-Russian political party "United Russia" Всероссийская политическая партия "Единая Россия" | United Russia | UR ЕР | Statism Russian conservatism Russian nationalism | Big tent | Dmitry Medvedev | 2001 | 2003 | DNP (endorsed Vladimir Putin) | 49.82% (Party list) 45.86% (SMC) (324 seats) | ✓ | MJ profile Archived 2022-01-19 at the Wayback Machine Website | ||
2 | Political party "Communist Party of the Russian Federation" Политическая партия "Коммунистическая партия Российской Федерации" | Communist Party | CPRF КПРФ | Communism Marxism–Leninism Democratic socialism Soviet patriotism Neo-Stalinism | Left-wing to far-left | Gennady Zyuganov | 1990 | 2002 | 11.77% (Pavel Grudinin) | 18.93% (Party list) 16.35% (SMC) (57 seats) | ✓ | MJ profile Website | ||
3 | Political party LDPR — Liberal Democratic Party of Russia Политическая партия ЛДПР – Либерально-демократическая партия Россия | Liberal Democratic Party | LDPR ЛДПР | Monarchism Economic interventionism Social conservatism Right-wing populism Russian ultranationalism | Right-wing to far-right | Vladimir Zhirinovsky | 1992 | 2002 | 5.65% (Vladimir Zhirinovsky) | 7.55% (Party list) 5.89% (SMC) (21 seats) | ✓ | MJ profile Website | ||
4 | Political party "Russian United Democratic Party "Yabloko"" Политическая партия "Российская объединенная демократическая партия "Яблоко" | Yabloko Яблоко | Social liberalism Social democracy Progressivism Feminism Trade unionism Pro-Europeanism | Centre to centre-left | Nikolay Rybakov | 1995 | 2003 | 1.05% (Grigory Yavlinsky) | 1.34% (Party list) 1.99% (SMC) (0 seats) | ✓ | MJ profile Website | |||
5 | Socialist political party "A Just Russia — Patriots — For Truth" Социалистическая политическая партия "Справедливая Россия — Патриоты — За Правду" | A Just Russia — For Truth | SRZP СРЗП | Social democracy Democratic socialism Social conservatism Russian nationalism | Centre to Centre-left | Sergey Mironov | 2006 | 2006 | DNP (endorsed Vladimir Putin) | 7.46% (Party list) 8.78% (SMC) (27 seats) | ✓ | MJ profile Website | ||
6 | All-Russian political party "Party of Growth" Всероссийская политическая партия "Партия Роста" | Party of Growth | PG ПР | Conservatism Liberal conservatism Conservative liberalism Economic liberalism | Centre-right | Boris Titov | 2016 | 2016 | 0.76% (Boris Titov) | 0.52% (Party list) 0.94% (SMC) (1 seat) | ✓ | MJ profile Website | ||
7 | Political party "People's Freedom Party" (PARNAS) Политическая партия "Партия народной свободы" (ПАРНАС) | People's Freedom Party | PARNAS ПАРНАС | Anti-Putinism Republicanism Liberalism Classical liberalism Federalism Atlanticism Anti-communism | Centre-right | Mikhail Kasyanov | 1990 | 2002 | DNP (endorsed Ksenia Sobchak and Grigory Yavlinsky) | DNP | ✘ | MJ profile Website | ||
8 | Political party "Democratic Party of Russia" Политическая партия "Демократическая партия России" | Democratic Party | DPR ДПР | Conservatism | Centre-right to right-wing | Timur Bogdanov | 1990 | 2012 | DNP | DNP | ✘ | MJ profile Archived 2021-08-23 at the Wayback Machine | ||
9 | Political party "Party of Progress" Политическая партия "Партия прогресса" | Party of Progress | PP ПП | Nikolay Pakin | 2012 | 2012 | DNP | DNP | ✘ | MJ profile Archived 2021-09-20 at the Wayback Machine | ||||
10 | Political party "Russian Party of Freedom and Justice" Политическая партия "Российская партия свободы и справедливости" | Party of Freedom and Justice | RPFJ РПСС | Social democracy Russian nationalism Patriotism Federalism | Centre-left | Maksim Shevchenko | 2012 | 2012 | DNP | 0.77% (Party list) 0.68% (SMC) (0 seats) | ✓ | MJ profile | ||
11 | Political party "Russian Ecological Party "The Greens" Политическая Партия "Российская экологическая партия «Зелёные» | REP "The Greens" РЭП «Зелёные» | Putinism Green politics Agrarianism | Centre | Andrey Nagibin | 1993 | 2012 | DNP (endorsed Vladimir Putin) | 0.91% (Party list) 0.98% (SMC) (0 seats) | ✓ | MJ profile Archived 2021-09-03 at the Wayback Machine Website | |||
12 | Political party Communist Party Communists of Russia Политическая Партия Коммунистическая партия Коммунисты России | Communists of Russia | CPCR КПКР | Communism Marxism–Leninism Stalinism Anti-revisionism | Far-left | Maxim Suraykin | 2009 | 2012 | 0.68% (Maxim Suraykin) | 1.27% (Party list) 2.98% (SMC) (0 seats) | ✓ | MJ profile Website | ||
13 | Public organization — political party "Russian All-People's Union" Общественная организация — политическая партия "Российский общенародный союз" | Russian All-People's Union | ROS РОС | Russian nationalism Pochvennichestvo Social conservatism Right-wing socialism | Right-wing | Sergey Baburin | 1991 | 2012 | 0.65% (Sergey Baburin) | DNP | ✘ | MJ profile Website | ||
14 | All-Russian political party "Party for Fairness!" Всероссийская политическая партия "Партия за справедливость!" | Party for Fairness! | PARZAS! ПАРЗАС! | Social democracy | Centre-left | Vladimir Ponomarenko | 2012 | 2012 | DNP (endorsed Vladimir Putin) | DNP | ✘ | MJ profile Website | ||
15 | Political party of Social Protection Политическая партия социальной защиты | Party of Social Protection | PSP ПСЗ | Vladimir Mikhailov | 2012 | 2012 | DNP | DNP | ✘ | MJ profile Website | ||||
16 | Public organization All-Russian political party "Civilian Power" Общественная организация Всероссийская политическая партия "Гражданская сила" | Civilian Power | CP ГС | Green liberalism | Centre to centre-left | Kirill Bykanin | 2002 | 2012 | DNP (endorsed Vladimir Putin) | 0.14% (Party list) 0.16% (SMC) (0 seats) | ✘ | MJ profile Website | ||
17 | Political party "Russian Party of Pensioners for Social Justice" Политическая партия "Российская партия пенсионеров за социальную справедливость" | Party of Pensioners | RPPSJ РППСС | Pensioners' interests Elderly interests Social justice Single-issue politics | Centre | Vladimir Burakov | 1997 | 2012 | DNP (endorsed Vladimir Putin) | 2.45% (Party list) 3.58% (SMC) (0 seats) | ✓ | MJ profile Website | ||
18 | Political party "Civic Platform" Политическая партия "Гражданская платформа" | Civic Platform | CP ГП | Conservatism Liberal conservatism Economic liberalism | Right-wing | Rifat Shaykhutdinov | 2012 | 2012 | DNP (endorsed Vladimir Putin) | 0.15% (Party list) 0.70% (SMC) (1 seat) | ✓ | MJ profile Website | ||
19 | All-Russian political party "Party of Business" Всероссийская политическая партия "Партия дела" | Party of Business | PB ПД | Social conservatism Green politics Protectionism Economic nationalism Left patriotism | Centre to Centre-left | Konstantin Babkin | 2010 | 2012 | DNP (endorsed Vladimir Putin) | DNP | ✘ | MJ profile Website | ||
20 | All-Russian political party "Rodina" Всероссийская политическая партия "Родина" | Rodina Родина | Russian nationalism Russian conservatism National conservatism Social conservatism Right-wing populism | Far-right | Aleksey Zhuravlyov | 2003 | 2012 | DNP (endorsed Vladimir Putin) | 0.80% (Party list) 1.51% (SMC) (1 seat) | ✓ | MJ profile Website | |||
21 | Political party "Cossack Party of the Russian Federation" Политическая партия "Казачья партия Российской Федерации" | Cossack Party | CosPRF КаПРФ | Cossack interests | Nikolay Konstantinov | 2013 | 2013 | DNP | DNP | ✘ | MJ profile Website | |||
22 | All-Russian political party "Civic Initiative" Всероссийская политическая партия "Гражданская инициатива" | Civic Initiative | GRANI ГРАНИ | Liberalism Conservative liberalism | Centre-right | Andrey Nechayev | 2013 | 2013 | 1.68% (Ksenia Sobchak) | DNP | ✘ | MJ profile Website Archived 2020-08-04 at the Wayback Machine | ||
23 | Political party "Party of Russia's Rebirth" Политическая партия "Партия возрождения России" | Party of Russia's Rebirth | PRR ПВР | Democratic socialism | Centre-left | Igor Ashurbeyli | 2002 | 2013 | DNP | DNP | ✘ | MJ profile Website | ||
24 | Political party "People's Patriotic Party of Russia – Power to the People" Политическая партия «Народно-патриотическая партия России – Власть Народу» | People's Patriotic Party | PPPR НППР | Vladimir Miloserdov | 2018 | 2018 | DNP | New | ✘ | MJ profile Website | ||||
25 | Political party "New People" Политическая партия «Новые люди» | New People | NP НЛ | Communitarism Regionalism | Centre-right | Alexey Nechayev | 2020 | 2020 | New | 5.32% (Party list) 4.88% (SMC) (13 seats) | ✓ | MJ profile Archived 2021-09-20 at the Wayback Machine Website | ||
26 | Political party "Green Alternative" Политическая партия «Зелёная альтернатива» | Green Alternative | GA ЗА | Green politics Environmentalism Pro-Europeanism | Centre-left | Ruslan Khvostov | 2020 | 2020 | New | 0.64% (Party list) 0.22% (SMC) (0 seats) | ✓ | MJ profile Website | ||
27 | Political party "Party of Direct Democracy" Политическая партия «Партия прямой демократии» | Party of Direct Democracy | PDD ППД | Direct democracy E-democracy | Centre-right | Oleg Artamonov | 2020 | 2020 | New | DNP | ✓ | MJ profile Archived 2021-09-20 at the Wayback Machine Website |
Historical parties (1991–present)
Far-left
Name | Abbr. | Leader (s) | Ideology | Years active | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Confederation of Anarcho-Syndicalists Конфедерация анархо-синдикалистов | CAS КАС | Andrey Isaev Igor Podshivalov Alexander Shubin Vladlen Tupikin | Anarcho-syndicalism Syndicalism | 1988–1995 | ||
Committee for Workers' Democracy and International Socialism Комитет за рабочую демократию и международный социализм | CWDIS КРДМС | Sergei Biets | Marxism Trotskyism | 1990–1999 Succeeded by RWP | ||
Party of the Dictatorship of the Proletariat Партия диктатуры пролетариата | PDP ПДП | Grigory Isayev | Communism Proletarian internationalism | 1990–2020 | ||
Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic Коммунистическая партия Российской Советской Федеративной Социалистической Республики | CP RSFSR КП РСФСР | Ivan Polozkov Valentin Kuptsov | Communism Marxism–Leninism Left-wing nationalism | 1990–1993 (banned in 1991) Succeeded by CPRF | ||
Russian Communist Workers Party Российская коммунистическая рабочая партия | RCWP РКРП | Viktor Anpilov Viktor Tyulkin | Communism Marxism–Leninism Anti-revisionism Stalinism | 1991–2001 Merged into RCWP-RPC | ||
Russian Party of Communists Российская партия коммунистов Revolutionary Party of Сommunists Революционная партия коммунистов | RPC РПК | Anatoly Kryuchkov | Communism Marxism | 1991–2001 Merged into RCWP-RPC | ||
Communists — Labour Russia — For the Soviet Union Коммунисты — Трудовая Россия — За Советский Союз | KTR КТР | Viktor Tyulkin Anatoly Kryuchkov Viktor Anpilov | Communism Marxism–Leninism Anti-revisionism Soviet patriotism | 1995–1999 | ||
Stalin Bloc – For the USSR Сталинский блок — За СССР | SB СБ | Yevgeny Dzhugashvili Viktor Anpilov Stanislav Terekhov | Communism Stalinism Marxism-Leninism Anti-revisionism Soviet patriotism National Communism | 1997–1999 | ||
Socialist Resistance Социалистическое сопротивление | SocSopr СоцСопр | Collective leadership | Socialism Trotskyism | 1998–2011 Successed by SA | ||
Russian Communist Workers' Party – Revolutionary Party of Communists Российская коммунистическая рабочая партия – Революционная партия коммунистов | RCWP-RPC РКРП-РПК | Viktor Tyulkin | Communism Marxism–Leninism Anti-revisionism | 2001–2007 (officially deregistered) | ||
Resistance Movement named after Petr Alexeev Движение сопротивления имени Петра Алексеева | DSPA ДСПА | Dmitry Zhvania | Socialism Self-management socialism | 2004–2012 | ||
All-Russian Communist Party of the Future Всероссийская коммунистическая партия будущего | VKPB ВКПБ | Vladimir Tikhonov Aleksandr Kuvayev | Communism Marxism–Leninism Soviet patriotism | 2004–2009 | ||
Socialist League "Forward" Социалистическое движение «Вперёд» | SLV СДВ | Collective leadership | Trotskyism Eco-socialism Socialist feminism | 2005–2011 Merged into RSM | ||
Interprofessional Workers' Union Межпрофессиональный союз трудящихся | MPST МПСТ | Collective leadership | Anarcho-communism Anarcho-syndicalism | 2008–2019 | ||
Russian United Labour Front Российский объединённый трудовой фронт | ROT FRONT РОТ ФРОНТ | Viktor Tyulkin Sergei Udaltsov | Communism Marxism–Leninism Socialism | 2010–2020 (officially deregistered) | ||
Russian Maoist Party Российская маоистская партия | RMP РМП | Dar Zhutayev [ru] | Communism Marxism–Leninism–Maoism Anti-revisionism Proletarian internationalism Marxist feminism | 2000 |
Left-wing
Name | Abbr. | Leader (s) | Ideology | Years active | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Civil United Green Alternative Гражданская объединённая зелёная альтернатива | GROZA ГРОЗА | Oleg Mitvol (2009–2012) | Green politics Alter-globalism Anti-fascism Social justice | 1991–2012 | ||
Labour Party Партия труда | PT ПТ | Oleg Smolin | Democratic socialism Syndicalism | 1992–1994 | ||
Agrarian Party of Russia Аграрная партия России | APR АПР | Mikhail Lapshin Vladimir Plotnikov | Agrarian socialism Collectivist anarchism | 1993–2008 Merged into United Russia Re-founded in 2012 | ||
Socialist United Party of Russia Социалистическая единая партия России | SEPR СЕПР | Alexey Podberezkin Ivan Rybkin Vasily Shestakov | Socialism Socialist patriotism Christian left | 2002–2007 Merged into A Just Russia | ||
Patriots of Russia Патриоты России | PR ПР | Gennady Semigin | Democratic socialism Social democracy Left-wing nationalism Soviet patriotism | 2005–2021 Merged into SRZP |
Centre-left
Name | Abbr. | Leader (s) | Ideology | Years active | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Social Democratic Party of Russia Социал-демократическая партия России | SDPR СДПР | Pavel Kudyukin Oleg Rumyantsev Alexander Obolensky | Social democracy Social liberalism Democratic socialism | 1990–2011 | ||
Civic Union Гражданский союз | CU ГС | Arkady Volsky | Social democracy Anti-Yeltsinism Federalism | 1992–1994 | ||
Russian Ecological Party "The Greens" Российская экологическая партия «Зелёные» | REP "The Greens" РЭП «Зелёные» | Yevgeny Belyaev Viktor Danilov-Danilyan Anatoly Panfilov | Green politics Environmentalism | 1992–2008 Merged into A Just Russia Re-founded in 2012 | ||
Russian Party of Social Democracy Российская партия социальной демократии | RPSD РПСД | Alexander Yakovlev Konstantin Titov | Social democracy Liberal democracy | 1994–2002 Merged into SDPR | ||
Ivan Rybkin Bloc Блок Ивана Рыбкина | Rybkin Bloc Блок Рыбкина | Ivan Rybkin | Social democracy Agrarianism | 1995–1995 | ||
Trade Unions and Industrialists – Union of Labour Профсоюзы – Промышленники России – Союз труда | ST СТ | Vladimir Shcherbakov | Trade unionism Industrialism | 1995–1996 | ||
Party of Workers' Self-Government Партия самоуправления трудящихся | PST ПСТ | Svyatoslav Fyodorov | Social democracy Social liberalism | 1995–2006 | ||
Russian United Social Democratic Party Российская объединённая социал-демократическая партия | RUSDP РОСДП | Mikhail Gorbachev | Social democracy | 2000–2001 Reorganized to SDPR | ||
Party of Russia's Rebirth Партия возрождения России | PVR ПВР | Gennady Seleznyov | Social democracy Democratic socialism Humanism Federalism Civic nationalism | 2000–2008 Merged into Patriots of Russia Re-founded in 2012 | ||
Social Democratic Party of Russia Социал-демократическая партия России | SDPR СДПР | Mikhail Gorbachev Konstantin Titov | Social democracy Democratic socialism | 2001–2007 Succeeded by USD | ||
Party of Social Justice Партия социальной справедливости | PSJ ПСС | Vladimir Kishenin Alexey Podberezkin | Democratic socialism Progressivism Social conservatism | 2002–2008 Merged into A Just Russia | ||
Union of Greens of Russia Союз зелёных России | UGR СЗР | Alexey Yablokov | Green politics Environmentalism Civil rights | 2004–2006 Merged into Yabloko | ||
Union of Social Democrats Союз социал-демократов | USD ССД | Mikhail Gorbachev | Social democracy | 2007–2013 | ||
Green Alliance Альянс зелёных | GA АЗ | Oleg Mitvol Gleb Fetisov | Grassroots democracy Green politics Social democracy | 2012–2019 | ||
Social Democratic Party of Russia Социал-демократическая партия России | SDPR СДПР | Sirazhdin Ramazanov | Social democracy | 2012–2019 |
Centrist
Centre-right
Right-wing
Far-right
Syncretic
Regionalist parties
Name | Abbr. | Leader (s) | Ideology | Political position | Years active | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nijsxo Нийсхо | N Н | Issa Dashlakiyev | Ingush nationalism | Big tent | 1988–present (unregistered) | ||
Khostug Tyva Свободная Тува Хостуг Тыва | KhT СТ ХТ | Kaadyr-ool Bicheldey | Tuvan nationalism Anti-communism Anti-Russian sentiment Pan-Turkism | Big tent | 1989–? | ||
Sakha Omuk Саха Омук | SO СО | Andrei Borisov [ru] | Yakut nationalism Anti-communism Pan-Turkism | Big tent | 1990–1994 | ||
Vainakh Democratic Party Вайнахская демократическая партия Вайнехан Демократан Цхьанкхетаралла | VDP ВДП ВДЦ | Zelimkhan Yandarbiev | Chechen separatism Chechen nationalism Anti-communism | Big tent | 1990–1993 | ||
Buryat-Mongolian People's Party Бурят-Монгольская народная партия Буряад-Монгол Арадай Нам | BMPP БМНП БМАН | Mikhail Ochirov | Buryat nationalism Pan-Mongolism Anti-communism | Big tent | 1990–1997 | ||
Communist Party of the Republic of Tatarstan Коммунистическая партия Республики Татарстан Татарстан Республикасы коммунистлар партиясе | CPRT КПРТ ТРКП | Robert Sadykov Alexander Saliy | Communism Marxism–Leninism | Far-left | 1991–2002 Merged into CPRF | ||
Union for the National Revival of Alania Союз национального возрождения Алании | UNRA СНВА | Aleksandr Ramonov | National Bolshevism Ossetian nationalism Soviet patriotism | Far-left | 1991–? | ||
Fatherland Socialist Party Отечество Фыдыбӕстӕ | F О Ф | Vadim Baskayev | Socialism Ossetian nationalism Anti-Ingush sentiment | Left-wing | 1993–2004 | ||
Styr Nyxas Стыр Ныхас | SN СН | Mikhail Gioyev | Ossetian nationalism Styr Nyxas Anti-Ingush sentiment Anti-militarism | 1993–? | |||
Baltic Republican Party Балтийская республиканская партия | BRP БРП | Sergei Pasko Rustam Vasiliev | Kaliningrad independence Kaliningrad autonomism Social liberalism Pro-Europeanism Anti-communism | Centre-right | 1993–2005 | ||
Mari National Rebirth Party "Ushem" Марийская партия национального возрождения "Ушем" | Ushem Ушем | Vladimir Kozlov | Mari nationalism | Big tent | 1917–1918 (banned) 1989–? | ||
Russian Unity Русское единство Руська єдність | RE РЕ РЄ | Maksym Kovalenko Sergey Aksyonov | Russian nationalism Russian irredentism Russophilia Crimean regionalism | Right-wing | 2008–2014 Merged into United Russia |
Soviet parties (1917–1991)
CPSU and factions
Clandestine and illegal parties
Name | Abbr. | Leader (s) | Ideology | Political position | Years active | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Party of Left Socialist-Revolutionaries Партия левых социалистов-революционеров | Left SRs Левые эсеры | Boris Kamkov Mark Natanson Maria Spiridonova | Agrarian socialism Anti-Bolshevism Revolutionary socialism Narodism | Left-wing to far-left | 1917–1921 Clandestine since 1918 | ||
True Communists Истинные коммунисты | TC ИК | Ivan Yatsuk Yuri Shokk Alexander Elin Shamil Gubaidulin Kamil Salakhutdinov | Marxism Anti-Stalinism Left communism | Far-left | 1940–1940 | ||
Lithuanian Activist Front Литовский фронт активистов Lietuvių Aktyvistų Frontas | LAF ЛФА | Kazys Škirpa | Lithuanian independence Nazism Anti-communism Antisemitism Anti-Polonism | Far-right | 1940–1941 | ||
People's Socialist Party of Russia "Viking" Народная социалистическая партия России «Викинг» | NSPR НСПР | Konstantin Voskoboinik Bronislav Kaminski | Nazism Russian nationalism Russian collaborationism Antisemitism Anti-communism | Far-right | 1941–1943 | ||
Communist Party of Youth Коммунистическая партия молодёжи | CPM КПМ | Anatoly Zhigulin | Communism Marxism–Leninism Anti-Stalinism | Left-wing to far-left | 1946–1949 | ||
All-Union Democratic Party Всесоюзная демократическая партия | VDP ВДП | Alexander Tarasov Viktor Belkin | Anti-Stalinism Socialism | Left-wing | 1948–1948 | ||
Union of Struggle for the Cause of the Revolution Союз борьбы за дело революции | SBDR СБДР | Boris Slutsky Evgeny Gurevich Vladilen Furman | Anti-Stalinism Revolutionary socialism | Far-left | 1950–1951 | ||
Baltic Federation Балтийская федерация Baltijas federācija | BF БФ | Gunārs Rode Dailis Rijnieks Jānis Rijnieks Aina Zābaka Ziedonis Rozenbergs Viktors Kalniņš Uldis Ofkants | Anti-Sovietism Latvian nationalism Latvian independence | Right-wing | 1957–1962 | ||
Soviet Revolutionary Communists (Bolsheviks) Советские революционеры-коммунисты (большевики) | RC (b) РК (б) | Stalinism Anti-revisionism Marxism–Leninism Communism | Far-left | 1960-1991 | |||
National United Party Национальная объединённая партия Ազգային Միացյալ Կուսակցություն | NUP НОП ԱՄԿ | Haykaz Khachatryan Paruyr Hayrikyan | Armenian nationalism Armenian independence National democracy Liberalism Anti-communism | Big tent | 1966–1987 Succeeded by UNSD | ||
Free Russia Party Партия свободной России Revolutionary Workers' Party Революционная рабочая партия | PSR ПСР RWP РРП | Victor Pestov Nikolay Shaburov | Anti-communism Anti-Sovietism | 1968–1970 | |||
Group of Revolutionary Communism Группа революционного коммунизма | GRK ГРК | Alexander Romanov Oleg Senin Valentin Kirikov | Marxism Social democracy | Left-wing | 1972–1972 | ||
All-Russian Social-Christian Union for the Liberation of the People Всероссийский социал-христианский союз освобождения народа | VSKhSON ВСХСОН | Igor Ogurtsov | Anti-communism Russian nationalism Social Christianity Third Position | Right-wing to far-right | 1972–1972 | ||
Socialist Party of the Soviet Union Социалистическая партия Советского Союза | SPSU СПСС | Alexander Ganyushkin | Democratic socialism Self-governing socialism | Left-wing | 1972–1972 | ||
Left School Левая школа | LS ЛШ | Natalia Magnat Olga Barash Inna Okup | Marxism–Leninism Trotskyism Atheistic existentialism New Left | Far-left | 1972/73–1977 | ||
Party of New Communists Партия новых коммунистов | PNC РНК | Alexander Tarasov Vasily Minorsky | Neo-communism Orthodox Marxism Marxism–Leninism Revolutionary socialism Direct democracy Trotskyism Neo-anarchism Anti-Stalinism | Far-left | 1972/73–1977 | ||
Neo-Communist Party of the Soviet Union Неокоммунистическая партия Советского Союза | NCPSU НКПСС | Alexander Tarasov Natalia Magnat Vasily Minorsky Olga Barash Igor Dukhanov | Neo-communism Atheistic existentialism Communism Guevarism Neo-Marxism Anti-clericalism Trotskyism New Left | Far-left | 1974–1985 | ||
Democratic Union Демократический союз | DU ДС | Valeriya Novodvorskaya | Classical liberalism Neoliberalism Laissez-faire Anti-Sovietism Anti-communism Anti-fascism Individualism Atlanticism | Centre-right | 1988–2014 |
Parties of the multi-party period
Name | Abbr. | Leader (s) | Ideology | Political position | Years active | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic Union Демократический союз | DU ДС | Valeriya Novodvorskaya | Classical liberalism Neoliberalism Laissez-faire Anti-Sovietism Anti-communism Anti-fascism Individualism Atlanticism | Centre-right | 1988–2014 | ||
Liberal Democratic Party of the Soviet Union Либерально-демократическая партия Советского Союза | LDPSU ЛДПСС | Vladimir Bogachov Vladimir Zhirinovsky | Russian nationalism Ultranationalism Right-wing populism Monarchism Before 1990: Liberalism Liberal conservatism | Right-wing to far-right Before 1990: Centre-right | 1989–1992 | ||
Democratic Party of Russia Демократическая партия России | DPR ДПР | Nikolay Travkin | Anti-communism Centrism Liberalism | Centre-right | 1990–1992 | ||
Socialist Party Социалистическая партия | SP СП | Boris Kagarlitsky Anatoliy Baranov Alexander Kolpakidi Vladimir Kondratov | Democratic socialism Self-governing socialism | Left-wing | 1990–1992 | ||
Social Democratic Party of Russia Социал-демократическая партия России | SDPR СДПР | Pavel Kudyukin Oleg Rumyantsev Alexander Obolensky | Social democracy Social liberalism Democratic socialism | Centre-left | 1990–2011 | ||
All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks Всесоюзная Коммунистическая партия большевиков | VKPB ВКПБ | Nina Andreyeva | Communism Marxism–Leninism Bolshevism Anti-revisionism Stalinism | Far-left | 1991– |
Parties of the Russian Empire (1721–1917)
Pre-revolutionary organizations
Post-revolutionary parties
Left-wing
Name | Abbr. | Leader (s) | Ideology | Years active | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
General Jewish Labour Bund in Lithuania, Poland and Russia Всеобщий еврейский рабочий союз в Литве, Польше и России אלגעמײנער יידישער ארבעטער־בונד אין ליטע, פױלן און רוסלאנד | Bund Бунд בונד | Victor Alter | Bundism Socialism Jewish Autonomism Non-Zionism Secularism | 1897–1921 | ||
Russian Social Democratic Labour Party Российская социал-демократическая рабочая партия | RSDLP РСДРП | Vladimir Ulyanov (Bolsheviks) Julius Martov (Mensheviks) | Marxist socialism Revolutionary socialism Social democracy | 1898–1912 | ||
Socialist Revolutionary Party Партия социалистов-революционеров | Esers Эсеры | Viktor Chernov | Agrarian socialism Revolutionary socialism Democratic socialism Federalism Neo-Narodism | 1902–1921 | ||
Zionist Socialist Workers Party Сионистско-социалистическая рабочая партия ציוניסטישע סאציאליסטישע ארבעטער פארטיי | SS СС צס | Naum Syrkin Ber Borochov | Socialism Zionism Territorialism | 1905–1917 merged into UJSWP | ||
Jewish Socialist Workers Party Социалистическая еврейская рабочая партия סאציאליסטישע יידישע ארבעטער פארטײ | SEPR СЕРП סיאפ | Chaim Zhitlowsky | Socialism National personal autonomism | 1905/6-1917 merged into UJSWP | ||
Labour Popular-Socialist Party Трудовая народно-социалистическая партия | Enes's Энесы | Alexey Peshekhonov Nikolai Annensky Venedikt Miakotin | Neo-Narodism Popular socialism Agrarian socialism Social democracy Left-wing nationalism | 1906–1921 | ||
Jewish Social Democratic Labour Party (Poalei Zion) Еврейская социал-демократическая партия (Поалей Цион) יידישע סאציאל דעמאקראטישער ארבעטער פארטיי (פאלעי ציון) | JSDLP(PZ) ЕСДРП(ПЦ) יסדאפ (פצ) | Ber Borochov Yitzhak Ben-Zvi | Marxism Socialist Zionism Socialism Centrist Marxism | 1906–1928 | ||
Union of Socialists-Revolutionaries Maximalists Союз социалистов-революционеров-максималистов | Maximalists Максималисты | Mikhail Sokolov Vladimir Mazurin | Revolutionary socialism Neo-Narodism Left-wing terrorism Anti-capitalism | 1906–1911, 1917-1919 | ||
Labour Group Трудовая группа | Trudoviks Трудовики | Alexey Aladyin Alexander Kerensky | Social democracy Neo-Narodism Agrarian socialism | 1906–1921 | ||
Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks) Российская социал-демократическая рабочая партия (большевиков) | RSDLP(b) РСДРП(б) | Vladimir Lenin Grigory Zinoviev | Communism Bolshevism | 1912–1918 Successed by RCP(b) | ||
Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Mensheviks) Российская социал-демократическая рабочая партия (меньшевиков) | RSDLP(m) РСДРП(м) | Julius Martov Pavel Axelrod Fyodor Dan | Social democracy Democratic socialism Menshevism | 1912–1918 | ||
Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (Internationalists) Российская социал-демократическая рабочая партия (интернационалистов) | Mezhraiontsy Межрайонцы | Leon Trotsky Moisei Uritsky Adolph Joffe V. Volodarsky | Marxist socialism Proletarian internationalism Bolshevism-Menshevism | 1913–1917 Merged into RSDLP(b) | ||
Party of Left Socialist-Revolutionaries Партия левых социалистов-революционеров | Left SRs Левые эсеры | Boris Kamkov Mark Natanson Maria Spiridonova | Agrarian socialism Anti-Bolshevism (since 1918) Revolutionary socialism Neo-Narodism | 1917–1921 | ||
Russian Socialist Labour Party of Internationalists Российская социалистическая рабочая партия интернационалистов | RSLPI РСРПИ | Boris Avilov Vladimir Bazarov Viacheslav Volgin Nikolai Sukhanov | Marxist socialism Proletarian internationalism | 1917–1920 Merged into RCP(b) | ||
Party of Narodnik Communists Партия народников-коммунистов | PNC ПНК | Grigoriy Zaks | Communism Neo-Narodism | 1918-1918 Merged into RCP(b) | ||
Party of Revolutionary Communism Партия революционного коммунизма | PRC ПРК | Mark Natanson Alexei Ustinov Andrei Kolegayev | Integral socialism Neo-Narodism | 1918–1920 Merged into RCP(b) | ||
Jewish Communist Party (Poalei Zion) Еврейская коммунистическая партия (Поалей Цион) יידישע קאמוניסטישע פארטיי (פאאלעי ציון) | JСP(PZ) ЕКП (ПЦ) יקפ (פצ) | Central Committee | Communism Marxism Proletarian internationalism Socialist Zionism | 1919–1922 Merged into RCP(b) | ||
Union of Working Peasants Союз трудового крестьянства | STK СТК | Alexander Antonov Pyotr Tokmakov | Anti-communism Neo-Narodism Agrarian socialism Revolutionary socialism | 1920–1921 |
Centrist and moderate
Name | Abbr. | Leader (s) | Ideology | Years active | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Progressive Economic Party of the Russian Empire Прогрессивно-экономическая партия Российской империи Commercial and Industrial Union of the Russian Empire Торгово-промышленный союз Российской империи Commercial and Industrial Party of the Russian Empire Торгово-промышленная партия Российской империи | PEP ПЭП TPS ТПС TPP ТПП | Grigory Krestovnikov | Anti-socialism Bourgeoisie interests | 1905-1905 | ||
Party of the Legal Order Партия правового порядка | PPP ППП | Anatoly Savenko | Constitutional monarchism Russian nationalism | 1905–1917 | ||
Ittifaq al-Muslimin Иттифак аль-Муслимин İttifaqi-Müslimin اتفاق المسلمين | Ittifaq Иттифак اتفاق | Alimardan bey Topchubashov Khalil bey Khasmammadov Abdurrahim bey Hagverdiyev | Islamic liberalism Jadidism Constitutional monarchism | 1905–1917 | ||
Constitutional Democratic Party Конституционно-демократическая партия | Kadets Кадеты | Pavel Miliukov | Constitutionalism Constitutional monarchism Liberal democracy Parliamentarism Political pluralism Social liberalism | 1905–1917 | ||
Union of October 17 Союз 17 октября | Octoberists Октябристы | Alexander Guchkov | Reformism Liberal conservatism Constitutional monarchism | 1905–1917 | ||
Union of freedom, Truth and Peace Союз свободы, истины и мира | UFTP ССИМ | Ivan Prokhanov Nikolay Odintsov Pyotr Frizen | Christian democracy Mennonism Evangelical Christianity Left Baptism Constitutional monarchism | 1905–1906 | ||
Party of Democratic Reform Партия демократических реформ | PDR ПДР | Maksim Kovalevsky | Classical liberalism | 1906–1907 Merged into Progressive Party | ||
Party of Peaceful Renovation Партия мирного обновления | PMO ПМО | Pyotr Heiden Nikolay Lvov | Liberal conservatism Classical liberalism | 1906–1907 Merged into Progressive Party | ||
Progressive Party Прогрессивная партия | Progressists Прогрессисты | Aleksandr Konovalov Ivan Yefryemov | Classical liberalism Conservative liberalism Constitutional monarchism | 1907–1917 |
Right-wing
See also
References
- ^ "Список зарегистрированных политических партий". Официальный сайт Министерства юстиции России. Archived from the original on 2020-09-13. Retrieved 2021-07-26.
- ^ "Список политических партий, имеющих право в соответствии с Федеральным законом от 11.07.2001 № 95-ФЗ «О политических партиях» принимать участие в выборах, по состоянию на текущую дату (07.07.2021)". Официальный сайт Министерства юстиции России. Archived from the original (doc) on 2021-07-26. Retrieved 2021-07-26.
- ^ a b "Каспаров. Ru | 15 политических партий не соответствуют положениям нового закона и будут ликвидированы". Archived from the original on 2013-03-14. Retrieved 2012-10-09.
- ^ "Федеральный закон от 11.07.2001 № 95-ФЗ «О политических партиях» (в ред. от 03.07.2018)". Archived from the original on 2016-10-25. Retrieved 2016-10-19.
- ^ "Госдума приняла закон об увеличении минимальной численности партии до 50 тыс. человек". NEWSru. 2004-12-03. Archived from the original on 2014-09-15. Retrieved 2012-10-19.
- ^ "Госдума одобрила снижение обязательной минимальной численности партий. Оппозиция все равно недовольна". NEWSru. 2009-03-13. Archived from the original on 2014-09-15. Retrieved 2012-10-19.
- ^ "Госдума одобрила законопроект о Выборах и партиях". Archived from the original on 2019-02-20. Retrieved 2020-04-27.
- ^ Compare: Isaacs, Rico (21 March 2011). Party System Formation in Kazakhstan: Between Formal and Informal Politics. Central Asian Studies. Abingdon: Routledge (published 2011). ISBN 9781136791079. Retrieved 2018-03-07.
A central principle behind the party of power is a party's relationship with the state (Knox et al., 2006). Parties of power have a close relationship with the executive branch which is seen to co-opt parties of power for their own political purposes (Hale, 2004). Thus, parties of power are an extension of the executive where the party 'is the actual group whose members wield power in and through the executive branch of government' (Oversloot and Verheul, 2006: 394).
- ^ a b Isaacs, Rico (2011). Party System Formation in Kazakhstan: Between Formal and Informal Politics. Routledge. p. 38.
- ^ "Russia Analytical Digest" (PDF) (102). University of Basel, Center for Security Studies Zürich, Forschungsstelle Osteuropa Bremen. 26 November 2011: 2–6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 May 2012.
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(help) - ^ Yevgeny Utkin. Seven parties, one virtually certain outcome Russia Beyond the Headlines. (2011-11-23)
- ^ "VK.com | VK". m.vk.com. Retrieved 2023-08-27.
- ^ https://digitaldem.ru/2021/09/20/partiya-prjamoj-demokratii-proshla-v-zaksobranije-eao/ Партия прямой демократии прошла в заксобрание Еврейской автономной области
- ^ "Список зарегистрированных политических партий - Минюст России". minjust.ru. Archived from the original on 2020-09-13. Retrieved 2020-09-09.
Further reading
- Gel′man, Vladimir (2013). Party Politics in Russia: From Competition to Hierarchy. CQ Press. pp. 273–289.
{{cite book}}
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ignored (help) - Hale, Henry E. (2006). Why Not Parties in Russia?: Democracy, Federalism, and the State. Cambridge University Press.
- Smyth, Regina (2012). Political parties. Routledge. pp. 115–128.
- White, Stephen (2013). Russia's Client Party System. CQ Press. pp. 306–330.
{{cite book}}
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ignored (help)
External links
- Justice Ministry webpage about Russian political parties
- Central Election Commission of the Russian Federation webpage about Russian political parties Archived 2009-07-21 at the Wayback Machine